Inductor Charging and Discharging in RL Circuit Analysis Equations

Practically, the inductor has some resistive factor which is very minute and is ignored. It is represented by a series resistor and inductor and is referred to as RL Circuit analysis. Suppose the following RL circuit where a toggle switch can connect and disconnect to the circuit source. The voltage across gradually changes by exponential equations while inductor charging and discharging.

Inductor Charging and Discharging in RL Circuit:

Inductor Charging Phase:

Suppose the inductor has no energy stored initially. At some point in time, the switch is moved to position 1, the moment is called time t=0. As the switch closes the source voltage will appear across the inductor and will try to pass current (I=V/R) abruptly through the inductor. But according to the Lenz Law, the inductor will oppose the change in current. The current will gradually increase unless it reaches its final value of current (I=V/R). At the same time, the voltage across the inductor will decrease unless it reaches zero.

Inductor RL Series circuit storage phase
RL series circuit for inductor charging

$i_{L}=\frac{E}{R} (1-e^{-\frac{t}{\tau }}) $

where $\tau =L/R$

$v_{L}=L\frac{di}{dt}=E(e^{-\frac{t}{\tau }})$

It’s worth mentioning that the current reaches its final value at $5\tau $ as well as the voltage reach that time zero. The graph of current and voltage transients is shown below.

Inductor voltage in rl series circuit during charging phase
Inductor voltage during the charging phase
Inductor current during charging phase
Inductor current during the charging phase

Inductor discharging Phase in RL circuit:

Suppose the above inductor is charged (has stored energy in the magnetic field around it) and has been disconnected from the voltage source. Now connected to the resistive load i.e. the switch is moved to position 2 at the time t=0. The energy stored will be discharged to a resistive load and will be dissipated in the resistor. The current will continue to flow in the same direction and will gradually decrease to zero as well as the voltage across the inductor. But if the inductor is disconnected and not connected to any load, so current will stop abruptly because of no closed path. According to the equations above, it will cause a huge voltage across the inductor and you will observe it in the form of a spark at switch terminals. The same phenomenon is used for car engine ignition.

Inductor charging and discharging circuit for RL analysis
RL series circuit during the decay phase
Inductor voltage during discharging phase in RL circuit
Inductor voltage during discharging phase
Inductor current during decay phase
Inductor current during discharging phase

How inductor charge and discharge through an AC power supply?

Inductor charge for half-cycle up to the peak voltage. When the first cycle ends the inductor start to discharge first. After the complete discharge, the inductor starts to charge in opposite polarity. for the third half-cycle, similarly, the inductor first discharges and then charges in voltage polarity. the process continues and the inductor floats current back and forth rather than consuming the actual power.

How to determine if an inductor is charging or discharging?

If the inductor is taking the current from the source, the inductor is charging. If the inductor provides current to the load, the inductor is discharging. The current can be determined by using Kirchhoff’s Current Law at any load.

Conclusion

The above discussion showed the following key point in detail.

  1. The inductor doesn’t dissipate energy, it only stores it.
  2. Inductor changes current gradually rather than abruptly.
  3. Inductor reaches maximum or minimum voltage and current just in five-time constants.
  4. An inductor behaves like a short circuit in the DC network after five-time constants.
  5. Inductor provides zero resistance after five-time constants.   

6 thoughts on “Inductor Charging and Discharging in RL Circuit Analysis Equations”

  1. Hey there… I have a small confusion regarding the discharging of the inductor. I was wondering about the polarity of voltage across inductor while discharging. Why is it’s polarity negative?

    Reply
  2. As an inductor works as a load during the charging phase and works source in the discharging phase. And the direction of the current flow in inductor remains the same. Therefore the direction voltage across the inductor changes as per the KVL.

    Reply
  3. Nice article
    ..in the charging diagram the current direction is taken as clockwise but in the discharging one it’s taken anticlockwise …can u pls explain?

    Reply
  4. Thanks for correction,
    Dear Guatam, it is a mistake. Take a look at the the current graph of the inductor it is above the zero line in both cases. And it shows that current direction is same in both cases.

    Reply

Leave a Comment

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.